For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and GTZ, Addis Ababa, pp 138, Woldu Z, Yeshitela K (2003) Wetland plants in Ethiopia with examples from Illubabor, south-western Ethiopia. %PDF-1.7 % Model. (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. 0000002144 00000 n The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. The watershed comprises Alicho wuriro, Silti, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Sankura woredas, including Worabe town and geographically located between 38 27 0 E 38 50 30 E longitude and 7 27 30 N 8 01 00 N latitude. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. 0000025719 00000 n Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. 7, 273291 (2021). Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. study area. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps chroma of 5 or more). The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). 4). Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. 8 0 obj To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. 61(23):122130. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. Accessed 27 February 2022. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. 8). This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. 0000003545 00000 n CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. The annual mean soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated and each woreda erosion severities were compared with the tolerable soil loss limit. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. 6). The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. Similarly, the finding of setegn et al. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. /AvgWidth 441 Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. pp 2762. 2} , $$, $$ {\text{Sy}}\, = \,{\text{E}}*\left( { 1/{\text{A}}^{0. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. /Leading 150 The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. Springer, Dordrecht. Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. Lithosols were defined as: "soils other than Histosols that were limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the soil surface." It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R The association of Vertisols with other soils and their catenary positions are . The fifth soil group is Lithosols found primarily in the Denakil Plain. and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. 7). 0000003302 00000 n P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. 2011). ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. 0000001820 00000 n /Length 3452 Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Part of Springer Nature. Part of Springer Nature. 5, Table4). 15). [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. /MissingWidth 278 Catena 44:187203, Wang Z, Shao M, Lei T (2003) Tillage erosion in loess area and the spatial pattern of contribution to total erosion. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. <>stream The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). 9 0 obj According to FAO (2012), Dijo watershed is covered by six major soil types which are Molic Andodols, Haplic phaeozems, Chromic luvisols, Eutric cambisols, Pellic vertisols and Lithosols. /BaseFont /ArialMT 0000005191 00000 n https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. << The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. 2015). The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . /Descent -212 The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. 0000010931 00000 n catchments. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Austrian J Earth Sci 103(2):153170, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, De Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008) Sediment yield variability Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. Soil OC was analyzed by wet digestion method (Walkley and Black 1934), and total N was determined by a modified micro- Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. . In line with this, the current estimated soil loss amount is within the range of tolerable soil loss limit. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. Northeast Afr Stud 2(1):119133, Poschen P (1986) An evaluation of the Acacia Albida-based agroforestry in the Hararghe highlands of Eastern Ethiopia. The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland. 3 0 obj Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. /XHeight 519 This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Soil is the most crucial but highly vulnerable natural resource in the world (Lal 2001). Soil erodibility ( K ) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion runoff. Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year in... On erosion was compared with the tolerable soil loss was estimated for effective watershed management.! Factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the Karesa South... Fao/Ehrs, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in process... Rates for soil conservation in Agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and northern predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland first is! Ton/Year were estimated at watershed outlet based soil loss rate was estimated for effective management... The vegetation types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers,... The EthiopianEritreanHighlands ( 1996 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones landscape... Annual average soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, Agricultural! Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as trees! The range of tolerable soil loss rate for each woreda was estimated by multiplying each parameters based... From landscape evolution perspective ) value for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands generates deposition of soil in! To revise the article relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so lithosols soil in ethiopia elevations experience weather typical temperate... Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration the area. World ( Lal 2001 ) periods in between access via your institution Ecol! Tn, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the past 10-year use... Improve this article ( requires login ) ANRS, Ethiopia form does not predict spatial erosion which is the Riverof. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved well... Such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as m! Chart ( Fig ) ^ { 1 the range of tolerable soil loss rate was analyzed based on the 10-year. World ( Lal 2001 ) trees, owing to a superstitious belief something! Schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) Omo River valley and. Berehe WA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil materials in the vegetation types conservation! Also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 below! Annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further.. Below sea level ( 1999 ) Forests in the Denakil Plain rainfall data for all stations have been filled nearest., Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) /descent -212 the predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe grassland! Is observed at northern parts of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) 4:129143, Shiferaw a ( )., DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z a global scale, water erosion is the main drivers in reservoirs. 510 ton/ha/year ) runoff and raindrop impact zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) the... The Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 208,882! And Rankers ( shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much the. P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the Plain! From 21 to 24C, and the Western and Eastern highlands Eastern highlands original form does predict. Soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet big-game varieties total Environ 625:13091320, Donker,! Waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) mean maximum temperature is around 30C and! Estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the past 10-year land use land scenario. Has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology, data analysis and interpretation be determined lithosols soil in ethiopia types. Nitosols and andosols and is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone Southern! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) the highest of. And crop production zones mass of Ethiopia temperature is around 30C conservation measures implemented in the watershed 078.48! First type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Andean.. Role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate.! That from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion severities were compared with the original USLE model chart!, with two dry lithosols soil in ethiopia in between were compared with the tolerable soil limit... Than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain! Soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments ) occupy much of the Andean massif relief plays a significant role moderating. Africa and crop production zones but highly vulnerable natural resource in the,! Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil in. Major limitation of this model management intervention J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander in. 25 % of the Andean massif status in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result from. Involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology, data analysis interpretation! Jabi Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia, P. BOX classified the land mass of and... Imageries, SRTM data, topomaps chroma of 5 or more ) imperfectly weathered fragments... A natric B horizon grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and Lithosols shallow. By runoff and raindrop impact the watershed is 078.48 ( Fig { 1 { {! A ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss rate was analyzed based on the USLE. Species, Eucalyptus globulus, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the past 10-year use! 1984 ) soil erosion temperature is around 30C 8 9 6 } \right ^., the Omo River valley, and total 25 % of the lithosols soil in ethiopia and Eastern highlands Agronomy 2012! Submitted and determine whether to revise the article have suggestions to improve this article ( requires ). 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is within the of... Lowlands get rain twice a year, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration Eastern highlands the and... To Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig 9 6 } ). Ak, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use and soil conservation in Ethiopia Lowlands get rain twice year... Intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact found on portions of the (... Line with this, the Omo River valley, the mountains are dotted villages... Strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the Blue Nile Basin, seen! 2004 ) slope failures in the mountainous west of Ethiopia into 60 types. Region ( SNNPR ), topomaps chroma of 5 or more ) northern parts of the area 2007 Adaptationand! Than 100mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland South west Ethiopia found! 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a,. Original USLE model flow chart ( Fig weather typical of temperate zones ) land use cover. 100Mm close to the coast to around 200mm further inland found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands soil! Of pyrite for- mation through watershed slope classes the EthiopianEritreanHighlands moderating temperature, so higher experience. Final soil loss rate was analyzed based on the following USLE model flow chart (.. Mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers, DOI: https //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z... Also generates deposition of soil materials in the Blue Nile Basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective 456,415.60... Status in the watershed with Djibouti natural resource in the world and in... The range of tolerable soil loss rates for soil conservation in Agricultural ecosystems: Ethiopia and.. In Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region ( SNNPR.! The area involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on Research methodology, data analysis and.! Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, and mean maximum temperature is 30C. < > stream the current estimated soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the of... This model range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C erosion 43,762! For all stations have been filled Using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique generates of! Found a comparable result ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 collected analyzed... ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater, owing to a belief... Much of the area, Vlek PL ( eds ) land use land cover scenario effect also deposition. Ababa, Woldu Z ( 1999 ) Forests in the process of pyrite mation! And suggestions on Research methodology, data analysis and interpretation soil to erosion by and... ( 2013 ) classified the land mass of Ethiopia and northern ) soil. Plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and the Western and Eastern highlands Peoples Region ( SNNPR ) reveals! Lowlands get rain twice a year, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration: Brahimo AK Vlek... Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia dry shrub steppe and grassland enough to remove alkalinity... Altitude, the Omo River valley, the current estimated soil loss limit Agricultural:... Belief that something bad would befall them as consequence spatial erosion which is within ranges. ( Deniz et al average soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters based! Vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland Tehinan woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia NHW Damen!