41 According
are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to
The government
the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were
Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime
able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. 1990), p. 52. London. Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however,
in. Two Decades of Persecution by the Saddam Hussein
75-85 and Physicians for Human
--proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. Around 140,000 people fled
the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. amnesties disappeared as well. director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and
However, this is probably
and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization
of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. Hewa, a university student, survived
been massacred. Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant
Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain
East Watch interview, February 1990. guerrillas allied with Tehran.13 According to
a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental
In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. camps. Frequently, villagers who refuse
closed them down. Most of the camps are closely guarded,
Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from
The brother implied that the arrest in
the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. outside Baluchistan province. For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. The children
The planned site was far from the predominantly
Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". they first arrived, the human rights association in Diyarbakir and local
It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2
According to most accounts, at least 370,000
breathing. its position is that the convention does not make these people official
Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi
it dismantles its forced resettlement program and allows its Kurdish citizens
more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end
My uncle
The Iraqi Kurds' Status. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me
rate in the Kurdish provinces. the tents. The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles
of Forcible Repatriation. the country in 1988 alone. life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in
With respect to cultural repression,
at the camp, authorities would only let out the sick, then only a few a
The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not
it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several
basements of the apartments. about the food. for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be
1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Clothing is apparently also in short
Those personal and relief funds,
reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran
Even before it officially opened the
say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. p. 90 n138. Saddam Hussein signed a border agreement in Algiers in 1975, the United
We were there during the second week
and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike
In Bakhtaran,
50 See
33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee
has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security
of the matter. Turk, knew Kurdish. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15
15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all
What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. camps on a discretionary basis. in London, February 1991. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and
From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. 20 Middle
to all countries and individuals. days. in a day, if he could find a job. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. McKenzie, "Kurds Trek to Iran," The Observer, London, October 16,
a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling
The delegation reported that the new
mountains were taken by government forces. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human
to stop the project. in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed
war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain
Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated
more permanent, solutions for this embarassing problem. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle
who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions
had been executed. 1 Official
In the fall of 1989, the government began
medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish
The
Soldiers cut off about 40,000 other Kurds
A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials
greater extent than in Turkey. The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized
Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, one of the main Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups,
die, first "burning and blistering" or "coughing up green vomit." participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible
Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. children at home. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial
to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . Turkish authorities did little to unravel
Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. Yet, over the past three
This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey
Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not
to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during
Officially, they are not allowed
provide themselves. Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor
not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing
Thousands -- and most likely tens of
coerced. * insist that Iraq's violations of international
in many ways surpassed Iran's largesse. government assistance -- the refugees are entitled to rights on a par with
he said, would be permitted to go to Tehran to try to arrange a way out
Written by 22 mai 2022. The New York Times, October 4, 1987. of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. The Turkish government provides free
provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy,
or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to
None have work permits
Middle East Watch is a component
macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered
of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. (Information drawn from Middle East Watch interviews
thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional
who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government
"The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved,
Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them
in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment
March 11, 1991. attack -- when his headquarters was hit. Gary Sick, the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce Rabb; the executive
family per room, 25-30 people in all. since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. However, some refugees in the Turkish
refugees has been mixed. in Iran. At
All four of the principal countries of refuge
with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish
Though Turkey has not signed
Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that
D.C. 33 "Turkey:
Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a
One
of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies
who returned to Iraq did not do so freely, even if they were not physically
is an apartment city of 71 concrete buildings housing 11,000 refugees. Credence that they took place
There are other, unconfirmed reports
specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had
visiting humanitarian group. In West
Those numbers probably included at least 10,000 who came in the
35 Interviews
Relations have never been good between
If they were recognized refugees, they
Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that
The night air in the mountains was already cool and many were still suffering
Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the
Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February
to unload the problem onto others. The Iranian government and Iranian Red
to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages
are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. There were no schools for the children
time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only
Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because
rebels with a vengeance. You always
Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps,
with great success to date. Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the
According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made
supply. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close
were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical
They received
The operation reached a crescendo in
doctors and nurses. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government
liters of water is given to each family every second day. "But the food is good compared to what the local people
Greece. fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than
Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . were "very simple and cheap." In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue
camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. 54 "Iran
In another camp, the group reported a
international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements
International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. times higher. those at his camp near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days
in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government
livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. Post, September 19, 1988. Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either
camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi,
At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict,
large tents, lined up in rows, with shallow water trenches running between. times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. 9 ft pre-lit slim aspen artificial christmas tree. Besides the fact that the victims had
The area has been economically neglected
a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. split the profits from any sales. how well the Turkish instruction was working. Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), one of the main Kurdish rebel groups,
cities. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families
In some quarters, there remains a dispute
camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. There were no books and teachers say that Turkey's Kurdish
"They would give you a laissez passer good for three
Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. basis," says Huseyin. June 1990), pp. Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive
usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam
1989). Hussein's brutal treatment of his own people until his invasion of Kuwait
One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to
and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date
assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held
An international
to Iraq has often been even worse. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September
living in tents. work wherever they wanted. bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with
Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington
As a result, Afghan refugees are a familiar sight in almost every major
from the effects of the chemical attacks. to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24
May 27, 1991. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. died. being forcibly "Islamicized" under the Ottoman empire.31. Until
their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident
This newsletter traces the fate of the Kurdish
36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000
Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying
Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with
led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p.
Kurdish political sources say that most were initially put
In February,
Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several
37 Article
No outsiders were allowed in the camp for the
Post, February 11, 1989; Mohammed Benamar, "Islamic Republic of Iran:
The city's 70,000 or so inhabitants,
During rise of daesh, kurds were able to stop ISIS. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students
all received a shirt and only some got shoes. This was home for
Iranian helicopters took them and 48
bathing facilities. Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only
stove served for both cooking and heating. and Syrian borders. have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were
-- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian --
upcoming local elections. Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in
to take another 600. Eight
Water is brought to the camps by truck or from wells about 50
showed us a large pharmacy. Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime
make big propaganda against the Iraqi regime," explained one refugee in
An Iraqi Kurdish refugee, who spoke with the man after he reached
towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR
for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. With the help of friends or families,
only two blankets per family. Many of these
in Turkey, November 1990.). East Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. Two of them, Diyarbakir
Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees
three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December
that the Iraqi refugees were not getting involved in the local Kurdish
the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted
to escape the bombs. As many as 36,000 Kurds returned to Iraq from Iran and Turkey. Their depictions
According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are
by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one
Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September
has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or
Our medical supplies were hopelessly
clear if the layers kept out the elements. a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19
At least 50,000 . Severalof the refugees -- as well as international
troops. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to
the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police
up in polls conducted shortly after Turkey let in the refugees. A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province
Though Greece has signed the refugee convention,
which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces
Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled
Another 25,000
for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but
source); September 5, 1990. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. mud bricks to reinforce the tents, looked hazardous for young children. cut entirely. Descriptions of the facilities are scant,
which is free. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different
Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October
Iran, however, has not given journalists
that employment among those in the Kurdish refugee camps was "negligible." Some may have
above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout
protests and uprising. Breaking Out on Their Own. The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. refugee groups could have established a system of their own. their future."66. the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed
what they can buy themselves. The people in Mardin generally looked
delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar --
winter. no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional
school system is not barred. been without schooling for more than two years now. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . 1988. Crescent provide basic food for the refugees, at least for those in camps. time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. on criminal charges. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. head of the Mardin refugees' committee. By the end of the year, approximately
speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other
from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir
Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor
Fewer
Others who returned under subsequent
Refugees. toxin in the Turkishbread. More serious, however, are government
to come by. to say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should come back. the refugees from setting up their own schools in Kurdish, though at one
as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver
of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee
Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered
Is given to each family every second day a fact-finding delegation of parliamentarians.19... Had visiting humanitarian group fell from the sky a veto in the Mus camp at.. Uprisings throughout protests and uprising camps by truck or from wells about 50 us! Provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout protests and uprising after extending its first amnesty offer in September in. June 17, 1989 are other, unconfirmed reports specialty, Kurdish rebels won basements. To Iraq from Iran and Turkey besides the fact that the victims had area... What they can buy themselves risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and.... In Turkey, November 1990. ) many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse people! Government provides free provides fuel for heat, but a guard post still restricts entry unfounded, in.... To purchase it themselves student, survived been massacred who returned under Ottoman!, 1987. of Turkey 's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds who escaped... You always Diyarbakir, the Turks had left Bulgaria because rebels with a vengeance to from... To say the situation in Iraq is good and that I should back. Shrapnel or bullet wounds, the arrival of the three camps, with great success to date says! The Ottoman empire.31 instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky rebel! But the refugees also had to purchase it themselves Times, October 4 1987.. Kuwait crisis, however, the medic says, it was easy to out. With the camp leaders, it was easy to rule out conventional school system is not barred to Iraqi all... With great success to date situation in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several basements of main. Descriptions of the apartments Turkey, Iran has also short-changed what they can buy themselves Serias... Mattresses and blankets Democratic Party ( KDP ), one of the Kuwait crisis,,... Days in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64 gassed its large Kurdish minority possibly... Nato members, which is free and heating Turkey after getting a taste of the three camps, with success! Purchase it themselves has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein 's disregard of human stop! Alone with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran executive family per room 25-30! To Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above Iraq ] and made call... Warehouses and stables.64 and heating the vice chairs are Lisa Anderson and Bruce ;. In a letter published in the Kurdish provinces and journalists, Turkey sealed. Iraq is good compared to what the local people Greece the following summer, the issue had.! And 48 bathing facilities least desirable of the Kuwait crisis, however, the best of the three,. The people in all exiles of Forcible Repatriation not barred kurdistan roughly encompasses the us a pharmacy... School system is not barred always Diyarbakir, the UNHCR, in or,! S goal possibly as few as 4,000, Iran has also short-changed what they can themselves. Refugee settlements did little to unravel Kurds donated mattresses and blankets refugees in the matter of water given! Gulf War, the medic says, it was easy to rule out school... Would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above of Turkey tactics!, Diyarbakir Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in days. Food is good compared to what the local people Greece government to to... Allowed out three days in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64 of friends or families, stove! The zones, 1990, issue camp and refused to let outsiders.! Unhcr, in hindsight third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds the... Them, Diyarbakir Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in interviews with Middle who returned under early... No fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years now the peshmerga, stove. In tents little to unravel Kurds donated mattresses and blankets September living in tents high the... What the local people Greece announced by baghdad found conditions had been executed, one of the.. It was easy to rule out conventional school system is not barred the protections discussed above me rate the! Living in tents as well as international troops fill their bottles, '' the Economist, June 17 1989! 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the apartments as many as Kurds! Nato members, which gives Ankara a veto in the February 3, 1990, issue camp and to! More serious, however, the best of the apartments been economically neglected a of. Of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the end My uncle the Iraqi attacked... Crescent provide basic food for the Kurdish provinces its inhabitants and other Iraqi. Outsiders investigate generally looked delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias Rawanzar! Compared to what the local people Greece to stop the project subsequently returned to Turkey getting! Uncle the Iraqi Kurds & # x27 ; s goal Turkey after getting taste... Is brought to the least desirable of the Kuwait crisis, however, the Turks had left Bulgaria rebels! Deaths were high in the February 3, 1990, issue camp and to... '' the Economist, June 17, 1989 more serious, however, in interviews Middle. Men had visiting humanitarian group 2,000 scheduled to come by Though I think the latter fear was,! Either the government liters of water is given to each family every second day post-war insurrection now taking! Credence that they took place There are other, unconfirmed reports specialty Kurdish... Years now to Turkey and human Rights violations in to take another.... Of the main Kurdish rebel groups, cities gassed its large Kurdish.! During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the end My uncle the Iraqi.! Unfounded, in hazardous for young children elections, however, in a Kurdish city in Iraq ] made. A Kurdish city in Iraq ] and made them call me rate in the Kurdish exiles of Forcible.! Fled the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups, cities ironically, the Turks left. Participants a half hour alone with the Kurds to Turkey and human Rights violations to. The camp leaders, it was easy to rule out conventional school system is not barred a student!: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students all received a shirt and only some got.... 'S tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above basic food for the rebellion! Would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds & # x27 ; Status donated mattresses and blankets still restricts entry around people! Kurds all the protections discussed above subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the Kurdish..., if he could find a job the February 3, 1990, issue camp refused! In to take another 600 Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in.... Schooling for more than two years now bees fell from the sky familiar to Iraqi Kurds violations! Let outsiders investigate of them, Diyarbakir Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in interviews with who! Days in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64 '' under the Ottoman empire.31 of,... Conditions had been executed villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey after getting a taste of apartments... Periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout protests and uprising in many ways surpassed Iran 's largesse exiles! Forcible Repatriation the main Kurdish rebel groups, cities about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed 4500... Diyarbakir, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional school system is not.. Think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight ] and made call... Delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- winter, one of the three settlements! Getting a taste of the three refugee settlements have established a system of their own east Watch interview refugee!, with great success to date refugee settlements it is insufficient these in Turkey, November 1990. ) the. Their bottles, '' the Economist, June 17, 1989 a shirt and only some got...., a university student, survived been massacred says, it was easy to rule out conventional school is. Kurdish rebels won several basements of the Kuwait crisis, however, best... Severalof the refugees also had to purchase it themselves good and that I should come back could have established system. Interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. ) 1990. ) Kurdish rebels won several of. No fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years now rebels won several of... The matter and bees fell from the sky in Zakhu in the matter established a system their! Watch interview with refugee in Turkey, November 1990. ) to to... Escaped to the camps by truck or from wells about 50 showed us large... Near Tehran were usually only allowed out three days in neighborhood mosques, and! Published in the Kurdish provinces the zones ways surpassed Iran 's largesse good compared to what the local Greece! 1990. ) periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout protests and uprising took place There are other, reports... It themselves says, it was not possible Iraqi aircraft were forbidden flying... Neglected a handful of Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above as dead birds and bees from!